PRESENTATION Paper -02 Neo -Classical literature

paper -2 Neo - Classical Literature from SimaRathod

PRESENTATION PAPER -04 Indian Writing In English

Paper - 04 Indian Writing In English from SimaRathod

PRESENTATION Paper -01 Renaissance Literature

Paper -1 Renaissance Literature from SimaRathod

PRESENTATION ON PAPER - O3 Literary Theory and Criticism - Western Poetics -01

Paper -03 Literary Theory and Criticism from SimaRathod

Assignment on Paper -04

'Theme Of Sati in The Fakeer Of Jungheera '

Paper Number: Indian Writing In English (Pre -Independence) 

Prepared By : Sima Rathod 

M.A. Sem: 01

Batch :2019 - 21

Email Id :rsima144@gmail.com

Enrollment No :2069108420200034

Submitted To : S. B. Gardi English Department, MKBU 

Theme Of Sati In The Fakeer Of Jungheera :

        The Fakeer Of Jungheera is a long narrative poem written by one of the first Indian educator to spread Western education and science among the people of Bengal Henry Derozio.  He was a radical thinker ,at the age of 17 he worked as a professor at The Hindu college ,Kolkata. He was an Anglo- Indian but he was a mighty patriot for his native Bengal , and considered himself as an Indian .He died of cholera at the age of 22.He was an Indian poet and assistant headmaster of Hindu College, Kolkata.one of the first Indian educators to disseminate Western learning and science among the young men of Bengal.Derozio was perhaps the first nationalist poet of Modern India.Derozio wrote many wonderful poems in English before his untimely death of which "The Fakir of Jungheera"was one of the most important. His poems are regarded as an important landmark in the history of patriotic poetry in India.Henry Louis Derozio has also written a wonderful song of love known as "Song Of The Hindustani Minstrel".This song is structured around the three main points-first the speaker describes the beauty of his beloved kashmirian girl.Next he speaks about the poverty and finally he assures his beloved that soon they will see he better days.At the end of the poem the poet presents the optimistic picture in front of his Dildar(beloved),he says that though the world may change but their hearts will not change and they will love each other till the The ending part of the poem presents the vision of the lover.It's similar to the vision of the lovers in the poem "The Last Ride Together" by Robert Browning. His ideas had a profound influence on the social movement that came to be known as the Bengal Renaissance in early 19th century Bengal.

Theme Of Sati in The Fakeer Of Jungheera :

            The Fakeer Of Jungheera is a long narrative poem written in two  cantos of twenty eight and twenty four stanzas.Repetitively written in iambic , anapestic, trochaic, and dactylic meters .

                   In this poem Derozio depicted the cruel custom of Sati, Hindu –Muslim relationship , love story of Nuleeni and Fakeer  , how she was rescued by her true love Fakeer from the funeral pyre of her dead husband and how they were chased by her parents and society and how cruely they were killed by them just to satisfy their ego and shallow customs.The ancient Hindu tradition called SATI wherein, a widow would burn herself to death on her husband’s funeral pyre.it was initially considered to be quite courageous and heroic but later it become a  forced practice.

The word ‘SATI’ is derived from Sanskrit word ‘ASTI’ which means ‘ she is pure or true’.

According to historical records sati first appeared between 320 to 550CE during the rule of the Gupta Empire. Incidents of sati were first recorded in Nepal in 464 CE. The practice then spread to Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan, where most number of sati cases happened over the centuries. SATI was at its peak between the 15th and 18th centuries. During this period , as many as 1000 widows were burned  alive every year, most commonly in INDIA and NEPAL.

DIFFERENT WAYS OF EXECUTION:

-Sitting on funeral pyre  or lying down next to the dead body,

-Jumping on funeral pyre or walk into it after it had been lit,

-Giving poison or drugs to make her unconscious to reduce  the pain of burning.

-Widow herself would get snake- bitten or use a sharp blade on her throat or wrist before entering the pyre.

       Rajsthani rajputs practice jauhar which has been well depicted in the movie PADMAVAT.

        The Fakeer of Jungheera” is the masterpiece creation of Henry Derozio. In his poems, he deals with the theme of patriotism, of love, of nature, of death. The central theme of 'The Fakeer of Jungheera' is the cruel and inhuman practice of 'sati' in the contemporary orthodox Indian society.Derozio was very well aware of the treatment meted out to women in his times. 

He wanted to change this situation. He is the only Indian who is credited not only for the 

inception of Indian Poetry in English but also for writing for the upliftment of women in 

the first place. He is ironically, a progeny of mixed parentage with an English first name 

and a Portuguese surname: Henry Louis Vivian Derozio, being memorialised as Indian 

Keats. He is often considered as India‘s national modernand Romantic̳poet who 

ignited the flame which melted a coal-tar of a set order and set up an appropriate path for 

the generations to follow, later known as the Young Bengal Movement or the Bengal 

Renaissance which aimed at improving the fate of women also. In the poem women sings songs to convince Nuleeni to become sati. The practice of sati is glorified and is celebrated like a festival women sing :

"joys are immortal, 

Hopes never decay 

Onward from glory to they fly ``.women try to convince Nuleeni that after becoming Sati she will be happy forever. These women's minds were conditioned to speak in favour of patriarchy. How shameful is this? Instead of raising their voice against these cruel and inhumane custom they were singing songs to convey her to burn herself and to meet her husband whom she never loved in heaven. These women speaks as subaltern. They sing song of the festival of death but their pain is veiled by pathetic structure of language. They sing :

"Happy!  Thrice happy thus early to leave, 

Earth and its sorrows, 

For heaven and it's bliss, 

Who that hath known it at parting would grieve quitting a world so disastrous. ``this lines describes the tragic condition of widows in Indian culture. For them death is a better option as socity would torture them daily and their life would be in hell as society would not allow a widow to remarry. They promised her that she would become a queen if she becomes Sati .

 Conclusion :

         It was Raja Rammohan Roy who fought really hard to abolish this cruel and inhumane act of Sati. Though in 1987 there was a case of Sati in Rajasthan.In 1987 , in the village of Deorla in Rajasthan  , an 18 year old married woman named Roop Kanwar was forced to become sati after eight months of marriage ,she refused but a group of men from village forcefully drugged and immolated her. After this incident , the government created the PREVENTION OF SATI ACT, making it illegal to force or encourage a woman to commit sati and anyone so doing be punished by death .

Thank You...

       

               

                

Assignment on Paper -3

'Views Of Wordsworth and Coleridge On Poem '

Paper Number :03 Literary Theory And Criticism - Western Poetics -01

Prepared By : Sima Rathod 

M.A. Sem: 01

Batch :2019 - 21

Email Id :rsima144@gmail.com

Enrollment No :2069108420200034

Submitted To : S. B. Gardi English Department, MKBU 

Views of Wordsworth and Coleridge on Poem and Analysis of Solitary Reaper and In A Station Metro with reference to Wordsworth and Coleridge's views. 

Introduction:

                    :BIOGRAPHIA  LITERARIA OR  BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES  OF MY LITERARY LIFE AND   OPINIONS is an autobiography in discourse by SAMUAL  TAYLOR COLERIDGE , published in 1817 in two volumes of twenty three chapters. The work was originally intended as a mere preface to a collected volume of his poems, explaining and justifying his own style and practice in poetry . The work grew to a literary autobiography including together many facts concerning his education and studies and his early literary adventures , an extended criticism of WILLIAM WORDSWORTH'S theory of poetry as given in the PREFACE TO THE LYRICAL BALLADS a work on which COLERIDGE  collaborated and a statement of his philosophical views

                             Views of Coleridge And Wordsworth On Poems :

                                     .In chapter 14 of  BIOGRAPHIA LITERARIA  , COLERIDGE 'S vies on nature and function  of poetry is discussed in philosophical terms , the poet within COLERIDGE discusses the difference between poetry and prose , and the immediate function of poetry, whereas the philosopher discusses the difference between poem and poetry.

COLERIDGE ABOUT POEM:

#The incidents and agents were to be in part at least supernatural.

# It's an immediate purpose ,pleasure.

#It's ultimate end is truth

#Delight emerges from the whole, each and every part of it's composition harmonizing with its immediate purpose and ultimate end.

# A poem of any length neither can be nor ought to be all poetry

#element of mysticism in diction

#elements of mysticism in diction

#gives the charm of novelty to things of everyday objects by making supernatural natural

WORDSWORTH ABOUT POEM:

#simplicity in diction

#the main aim is to give pleasure.

# spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings ;it takes its origin from tranquility

#man speaking to man

#the charm of novelty  to the things of everyday objects of nature by coloring it with the power of imagination.

Analysis of Solitary Reaper according to Wordsworth's Views on Poem :

The Solitary Reaper

BY WILLIAM WORDSWORTH

Behold her, single in the field,

Yon solitary Highland Lass!

Reaping and singing by herself;

Stop here, or gently pass!

Alone she cuts and binds the grain,

And sings a melancholy strain;

O listen! for the Vale profound

Is overflowing with the sound.

No Nightingale did ever chaunt

More welcome notes to weary bands

Of travellers in some shady haunt,

Among Arabian sands:

A voice so thrilling ne'er was heard

In spring-time from the Cuckoo-bird,

Breaking the silence of the seas

Among the farthest Hebrides.

Will no one tell me what she sings?—

Perhaps the plaintive numbers flow

For old, unhappy, far-off things,

And battles long ago:

Or is it some more humble lay,

Familiar matter of to-day?

Some natural sorrow, loss, or pain,

That has been, and may be again?

Whate'er the theme, the Maiden sang

As if her song could have no ending;

I saw her singing at her work,

And o'er the sickle bending;—

I listened, motionless and still;

And, as I mounted up the hill,

The music in my heart I bore,

Long after it was heard no more.

          Along with “I wandered lonely as a cloud,” “The Solitary Reaper” is one of Wordsworth’s most famous post-Lyrical Ballads lyrics. In “Tintern Abbey” Wordsworth said that he was able to look on nature and hear “human music”; in this poem, he writes specifically about real human music encountered in a beloved, rustic setting. The song of the young girl reaping in the fields is incomprehensible to him (a “Highland lass,” she is likely singing in Scots), and what he appreciates is its tone, its expressive beauty, and the mood it creates within him, rather than its explicit content, at which he can only guess. To an extent, then, this poem ponders the limitations of language, as it does in the third stanza (“Will no one tell me what she sings?”). But what it really does is praise the beauty of music and its fluid expressive beauty, the “spontaneous overflow of powerful feeling” that Wordsworth identified at the heart of poetry.

By placing this praise and this beauty in a rustic, natural setting, and by and by establishing as its source a simple rustic girl, Wordsworth acts on the values of Lyrical Ballads. The poem’s structure is simple—the first stanza sets the scene, the second offers two bird comparisons for the music, the third wonders about the content of the songs, and the fourth describes the effect of the songs on the speaker—and its language is natural and unforced. Additionally, the final two lines of the poem (“Its music in my heart I bore / Long after it was heard no more”) return its focus to the familiar theme of memory, and the soothing effect of beautiful memories on human thoughts and feelings.

Analysis of In A Station Of Metro by Ezra pound with reference to Coleridge's Views on Poem

                 THE APPARITION OF THESE FACES IN THE CROWD ;

PETALS ON A WET, BLACK BOUGHT.

The brevity of this poem can be intimidating to analyze; after all, how much can a poet possibly convey in merely two lines? However, the shortness of this poem fits with its topic; when reading, the words flash by quickly, just as a subway speeds away from the platform in an instant. The doors open quickly, revealing a sea of faces, and then close again - the faces are gone after a fleeting glance. This poem's length and quick pace matches the constant motion of a train as it speeds by.

Though short, this poem is very sensory in nature; it allows the reader to imagine a scene while reading the lines. Through Pound's economical description of these faces as "petals on a wet, black bough," he is able to invoke a transient tone.

This poem is also a clear example of the Imagist style. Victorian poets would frequently use an abundance of flowery adjectives and lengthy descriptions in their poems. Yet Pound employs a Modernist approach to "In a Station of the Metro," using only a few descriptive words (and no verbs among them) to successfully get his point across

Pound uses the word "apparition," which is a ghostly, otherworldly figure, something ephemeral that fades in and out of view. By using this word, Pound reveals surprise at seeing this sea of faces as the subway doors open, which, for a brief moment, fills him with a sense of awe and astonishment. Also, the impermanence of the image gives the poem a melancholy tone, as if Pound is contemplating the fragility of life.

Pound connects images of petals and boughs to a mass of humanity - linking a man-made metropolitan scene with the cycles of nature. Pound's use of living metaphors adds to the fleeting tone of this poem. Flowers and trees, like human beings on a metro, are constantly moving, growing, and changing. This short glimpse through the metro doors is the only time that group of people will be as they are in that instant. Similarly, no two petals will ever look exactly the same, as rains come and go, winters freeze, and new buds bloom.

Thank You..

Assignment on Paper 02

Character Of Friday 

Paper Number :02 The Neo -Classical Literature 

Prepared By : Sima Rathod 

M.A. Sem: 01

Batch :2019 - 21

Email Id :rsima144@gmail.com

Enrollment No :2069108420200034

Submitted To : S. B. Gardi English Department, MKBU 

Introduction :

          Daniel Defoe was born in 1660 in London, England. He became a merchant and participated in several failing businesses, facing bankruptcy and aggressive creditors. He was also a prolific political pamphleteer which landed him in prison for slander. Late in life he turned his pen to fiction and wrote Robinson Crusoe, one of the most widely read and influential novels of all time.Having always been interested in politics, Defoe published his first literary piece, a political pamphlet, in 1683. He continued to write political works, working as a journalist, until the early 1700s. Many of Defoe's works during this period targeted support for King William III, also known as "William Henry of Orange." Some of his most popular works include The True-Born Englishman, which shed light on racial prejudice in England following attacks on William for being a foreigner; and the Review, a periodical that was published from 1704 to 1713, during the reign of Queen Anne, King William II's successor. Political opponents of Defoe's repeatedly had him imprisoned for his writing in 1713.

Defoe took a new literary path in 1719, around the age of 59, when he published Robinson Crusoe, a fiction novel based on several short essays that he had composed over the years. A handful of novels followed soon after—often with rogues and criminals as lead characters—including Moll Flanders, Colonel Jack, Captain Singleton, Journal of the Plague Year and his last major fiction piece, Roxana (1724).

In the mid-1720s, Defoe returned to writing editorial pieces, focusing on such subjects as morality, politics and the breakdown of social order in England. Some of his later works include Everybody's Business is Nobody's Business (1725); the nonfiction essay "Conjugal Lewdness: or, Matrimonial Whoredom" (1727); and a follow-up piece to the "Conjugal Lewdness" essay, entitled "A Treatise Concerning the Use and Abuse of the Marriage Bed."        

Character Of Friday In Robinson Crusoe :

              He is one of the main characters in Daniel Defoe’s novel. The man was a savage from the cannibal tribe. He was rescued by Robinson Crusoe on the twenty-fourth year of living on the island and named after the day it happened.

Robinson describes him as a man of twenty-six years with a pleasant appearance and kind look. From the pages of the book, we learn that he was a Caribbean native with dark eyes, hair, and tone of skin. Crusoe teaches him English and makes him a loyal servant for himself. Robinson treats his like his own child, who needs to be taught how to speak, behave and be obedient. 

The image of Friday became one of the most popular among writers of that time. He learns fast and helps Crusoe in everyday life, solving many problems, that are hard to cope with alone.

Indeed, Friday is a vibrant character in the novel, who is even more charismatic and colorful than his master. Though Robinson doesn’t appreciate intimacy with other human beings, he shows sympathy to his servant, who, in his turn, demonstrates his devotion to the rescuer.

At the end of the story, Robinson takes Friday with him, and they both leave the island. 

Though Crusoe left him alive and gave him clothes and food, Friday rewarded him with his loyalty, emotional warmth and vitality of spirit.

           

The relationship between Crusoe and  Friday has been examined eagerly by a number of critics, especially in recent times post colonialists. 

Their relationship certainly seems to be ambiguous and open to interpretation. There are times when it appears to be almost based on a father-son type of intimacy, but others suggest that there is a clear master-slave element to their relationship. This latter perspective is reinforced throughout the text. For example: "I made him know that his name was to be Friday... I likewise taught him to say Master". The naming of slaves by their masters was key in Defoe's times, and the fact that Friday never knows the true name of his master indicates an attitude of extreme superiority.

Friday, however, appears to be incredibly grateful to his servitude to Robinson Crusoe, and places Robinson Crusoe's foot on his head in a manner that "seems was in token of swearing to be my slave forever." just like in the movie Bahubali Kattapa does the same.Thus Friday's "slavery" might have been in gratitude for being saved by Robinson Crusoe. Crusoe certainly seems pleased to have  Friday with him: "I took him up, and made much of him, and encourag'd him all I could..." yet we are left unsure whether this is due to any essential goodness in his nature or just sheer relief at having someone else to talk to, for "they were the first sound of a Man's voice, mine own excepted, that I had heard, for 25 years."

Thus there are two main views: the master - servant relationship, as evidenced by the authoritarian way in which Crusoe treats Friday, and the father - son relationship, in that Crusoe does seem to genuinely care for Friday's well-being.

            Friday is the first person Crusoe introduces into the social order of the island. His name, of course, isn't Friday by birth, but this is the name that Crusoe gives him after saving him from the hands of the cannibals. Crusoe also teaches Friday to speak English, encourages him to eat goat instead of eating human flesh and aids in his conversion to Christianity.

The first and most obvious point about Friday's relationship with Crusoe is that Friday is Crusoe's subordinate. Friday always calls Crusoe "master," for example. Crusoe also mentions that their relationship is much like that of "a Child to a Father" .Why does Crusoe not see Friday as his equal, even after Friday converts to Christianity?

Crusoe's dominant relationship to Friday produces a pretty interesting dynamic between the two of them. See, for example, Crusoe's description of Friday as he is sleeping:

He was a comely handsome Fellow, perfectly well made; with straight strong Limbs, not too large; tall and well shap'd, and as I reckon, about twenty six Years of Age. He had a very good Countenance, not a fierce and surly Aspect; but seem'd to have something very manly in his Face, and yet he had all the Sweetness and Softness of an European in his Countenance too, especially when he smil'd. His Hair was long and black, not curl'd like Wool; his Forehaed very high, and large, and a great Vivacity and sparkling Sharpness in his Eyes. The Coulour of his Skin was not quite black, but very tawny; and yet not of an ugly yellow nauseous tawny, as the Brasilians, and Virginias, and other Natives of America are; but of bright kind of a dun olive Colour, that had in it something very agreeable; tho' not very easy to describe. 

Crusoe spends a great deal of time describing Friday's body, to be sure, especially the ways in which he resembles a Europe.

Conclusion :

              Friday is a native who is saved from the cannibals by Robinson Crusoe. He becomes a willing servant, eager to learn English and do Crusoe's bidding. He also stands in emotional contrast to Crusoe. Whereas Crusoe shows little emotion, never seeming to miss his parents or wanting close ties to others, Friday displays strong emotions. He jumps and cries and laughs when he finds his father. And he becomes closely attached to Crusoe, volunteering to die for Crusoe whenever he bids. Friday is also intelligent and learns quickly. He is brave and willingly follows Crusoe into combat with the cannibals. He is more vibrant and colorful character  than Crusoe. There is nothing wrong in calling Friday the Hero of the Novel. 

                            Thank You...

Assignment on Paper -01

Paper -01 Renaissance Literature

' Death Be Not Proud '

Paper Number :01 Renaissance Literature 

Prepared By : Sima Rathod 

M.A. Sem.: 01

Batch :2019 - 21

Email Id :rsima144@gmail.com

Enrollment No :2069108420200034

Submitted To : S. B. Gardi English Department, MKBU 

Introduction:

Death Be Not Proud  is a well known Sonnet by John Donne. His works are noted for their strong, sensual style and include sonnets, love poems, religious poems, Latin translations, epigrams, elegies, songs, satires and sermons. His poetry is noted for its vibrancy of language and inventiveness of metaphor, especially compared to that of his contemporaries. Donne's style is characterized by abrupt openings and various paradoxes, ironies and dislocations. In the first half of the 17th century, a group of poets emerged whose poetry Is known as the Metaphysical poetry since JOHN DONNE was the pioneer of these group, It is also known as the "SCHOOL OF DONNE" GEORGE HERBERT, RICHARD CRASHAW, ABRAHAM COWLEY, ANDREW MARWELL AND ROBERT SOUTHWELL, this poets tried to followed the style of writing poetry which was initially cultivated by JOHN DONNE. It was SAMUEL JOHNSON who first used the word Metaphysical for the poetry of John Donne and his school. When SAMUEL JOHNSON used the word "METAPHYSICAL", it was in a negative sense. He said that, "their poetry stood trial of their finger but not of their ear"(they remained successful in displaying their scholarship but they failed in giving rhythm and music to their poetry). With the passing of Tim the Sam term became a term of appraisal. Today their poetry is praised as the Metaphysical poetry.

♣ CHARACTERISTICS OF METAPHYSICAL POETRY :

🔷 FAR - FETCHED IMAGES:

            Far - Fetched images is one of the most important features of Metaphysical Poetry. They never tried to use and express their images from those fields which have nothing to do with the theme of their poems, so the are called far - Fetched images. The best examples are, The Church Porch, The Pully.

🔷PLATONIC LOVE :

          Platonic love is another feature of Metaphysical Poetry, it means spiritual love, which is free from elements of physical love. Death Be Not Proud ,  The Sun Rising are best examples of Platonic Love.

🔷LITERARY DEVICES :

             Metaphysical poets uses metaphors, puns, paradoxes and meters to create drama and tension. They also uses scientific, medical and phrases to create arguments about the philosophical aspects of life or to express love and tension. For example,

Donne used Flea as the symbol of love in his poem The Flea.

🔷UNIQUENESS :

             Metaphysical Poets were men of high intellect. They were all graduated from OXFORD O CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY. With the help of their vast knowledge, they presented new ideas and stories to their readers.

 'Death Be Not Proud ': 

The Sonnet 'Death Be Not Proud ' is addressed by the poet to Death itself. The attempt of the port is to nullify fear of Death by writing about it in just 14 lines. 

      Generally most of people consider death as Mighty and dangerous, frightening and very painful Experience of  life. But the poet reacts altogether in a different way to Death. In the very first opening stanza the port clarifies that the death is neither mighty nor dreadful.  Death it self may think that it ends the life of the people but in reality those people do not die, Death can never end eternal life of people. The poet considers Death as nothing more then transitory pause in the eternal life. He believes that Death is nothing more than rest and peaceful sleep . If the poet has to draw Picture of Death, he would draw the picture of a person enjoying sound sleep and rest. That means Death offers sleep and rest to mankind. So a great pleasure should be derived from Death. 

       The poet tries to nullify fear of Death by giving Example of the best of people,  even the best of people have gone with Death. The earliest which in itself is a proof that Death can not be dreadful or painful. The poet acquaints the readers with certain dwelling places of Death. It's favorite dwelling places are poison, war and sickness.  The presence of these three have in theme the presence of Death. The poet considers Death nothing more than a slave of four elements. Death has to come or follow command of these four elements. Those four elements are :

Fate, 

Chance ,

King, 

Desperate Men. 

        Here the poet tries to convey that, when fate decides Death has to come,  when chance decides Death has to come, when the king declares Death penalty Death has to come and finally when a man in distress decides to end his life by killing himself, Death has to come. This is how Death has to come. This is how Death is slave of four elements and Follows their command. 

         The poet can say with confidence that Death has no courage or capacity to kill even him. Death is nothing more than permanent rest to bones, body and soul. The poet makes a comparison between hoe sleep is caused by Death and by the charm of a mother. Death causes sleep in a single stroke whereas charm of a mother causes sleep in a slow and gradual way. So there is no need for Death to be proud. It is just a small sleep after which a person gets up eternally in a new form with a new body. If Death is Accepted and received in such a manner, it would be the death of Death itself and there will never be frightening effect of Death. 

Conclusion :

     Thus, the present sonnet of Donne confirms Donne's belief in the theory of rebirth, when he talks about waking up eternally after a long, deep and peaceful sleep. It is nothing but his belief in rebirth. John Donne's poem 'Death Be Not Proud' is a masterful argument against the power of Death. The theme, or the message of the poem is that Death is not some all-powerful being that humans should fear. Instead, Death is actually a slave to the human race and has no power over our souls.We can say that here Donne wants to convey the message that  Only the Body Dies the Soul remains eternal.Donne says "Death, thou shalt die.”