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Existentialism is a form of philosophical inquiry that explores the problem of human existence and centers on the lived experience of the thinking, feeling, acting individual. In the view of the existentialist, the individual's starting point has been called "the existential angst" (or, variably, existential attitude, dread, etc.), or a sense of disorientation, confusion, or anxiety in the face of an apparently meaningless or absurd world.
Existentialism is associated with several 19th- and 20th-century European philosophers who shared an emphasis on the human subject, despite profound doctrinal differences. Many existentialists regarded traditional systematic or academic philosophies, in style and content, as too abstract and remote from concrete human experience. A primary virtue in existentialist thought is authenticity. Soren Kierkegaard is generally considered to have been the first existentialist philosopher though he did not use the term existentialism. He proposed that each individual—not society or religion—is solely responsible for giving meaning to life and living it passionately and sincerely, or "authentically".
My Experience of Flipped Learning
Flipped learning is a quite new as well a new from of learning , The traditional classroom format requires teachers to spend a significant amount of class time presenting information, typically simply standing in front of a room delivering a lecture or lesson. Students sit and (to one degree or another) scribble down notes, passively receiving information at whatever speed the instructor presented. Later, after students have left the classroom and lost easy access to their teacher and peers, they are then challenged to attempt to apply the day’s lesson in individual homework assignments. By shifting passive lecture material to the at-home setting, students are given the chance to review those materials in the time and place that works best for their own needs, and to go back over important or unclear details as often as needed until they’re well understood. This, in turn, helps students to ensure they have all the foundational information they need in order to participate in interactive learning discussions and activities that push them to apply what they have learned. Under the traditional lecture model, students are bound to the pace that the instructor sets for each class session and the course as a whole. Instructors are under pressure to teach their entire curriculum within the classroom time allocated, based on the rate at which the “average” student can absorb the material. Should a student have trouble with a concept, they are forced to either interrupt and ask for the material to be repeated, thereby slowing down the session for the rest of the class, or do their best to keep up and ask for another explanation at the end or outside of normal class time.
I am composing this blog on the grounds of a task assigned to me by my teacher , to know more about the task CLICK HERE.
SAMUEL BECKETT
Beckett is known as the most influential existentialist writer of all time . His is very famous for his highly acclaimed absurd play waiting for Godot.
Breath by Damien Hirst
Breath by Liana De Jordan:
National Theatre School First Year Technical Production Class project, production of Samuel Beckett's play Breath.
My Version Of Breath
On entre , On Crie et
Cest la vie.On Crie , On sort etc'est la mort.
WE walk, We shout and that's life , We scream, We Go out and it's death.
Here is the video that I had created for the better understanding of the play BREATH by Beckett , it is a very short but very meaningful play. He is the master of existentialist theory , in his play Breath one can see so many things scattered around and in the video , that is our life , we think that we are surrounded by so many things but what is the meaning of all this things? what is the purpose of living? why do we eat ? why do we sleep ? why do we cry ? why do we fall in love ? do we exist ? Does it leads us to meaninglessness of life .In my video i have used Laptop, Mobile Phones, Car keys , rose petals, books and all the things which are very useful as well as necessary in our daily life , when you see the video , you see that when we put all this things together it looks like garbage, all things becomes meaningless no matter how costly all this things are ,when we die all things will be there maybe someone else will use it instead of us , so why do we get obsessed with all this things? at the end all things are meaningless , a rubbish , garbage, don't get too much attached with anything , just go with the flow , enjoy each and very situation, weather good or bad , that is life, it is meaningless.
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WHAT IS ECO CRITICISM:
Ecocriticism is the study of literature and the environment from an interdisciplinary point of view, where literature scholars analyze texts that illustrate environmental concerns and examine the various ways literature treats the subject of nature. It takes an interdisciplinary point of view by analyzing the works of authors, researchers and poets in the context of environmental issues and nature. Some ecocritics brainstorm possible solutions for the correction of the contemporary environmental situation, though not all ecocritics agree on the purpose, methodology, or scope of ecocriticism.
In the United States, ecocriticism is often associated with the Association for the Study of Literature and Environment (ASLE),which hosts a biennial conference for scholars who deal with environmental matters in literature and the environmental humanities in general. ASLE publishes a journal—Interdisciplinary Studies in Literature and Environment (ISLE)—in which current international scholarship can be found.
Ecocriticism is an intentionally broad approach that is known by a number of other designations, including "green (cultural) studies", "ecopoetics", and "environmental literary criticism", and is often informed by other fields such as ecology, sustainable design, biopolitics, environmental history, environmentalism, and social ecology, among others.
Film Review: Postcolonial Films: Midnight's Children, The Reluctant Fundamentalist, The Black Prince and Abdul & Victoria
I am composing this blog on the grounds of a task assigned to me by my teacher , for the detailed information about the task CLICK HERE.
WHAT IS POST COLONIALISM ?
Postcolonialism is the critical academic study of the cultural legacy of Colonialism and imperialism , focusing on the human consequences of the control and exploitation of colonized people and their lands. More specifically, it is a critical-theory analysis of the history, culture, literature, and discourse of (usually European) imperial power.
MIDNIGHT'S CHILDREN TRAILER :
Directed by : Deepa Mehta
Produced by : David Hamilton ,
Dough Mankoff
Steven Silver,
Neil Tabatznik,
Andrew Spaudling.
Screenplay : Salman Rushdie
Based on : Midnight's Children by Salman Rushdie
Starring : Shriya Saran
Shabana Azmi
Ronit Roy
Satya Bhabha
Anupam Kher
Siddharth Narayana
Rahul Bose
Darsheel Safari
Seema Biswas
Movie Analysis :
The Midnight's Children was published in 1981 and is adapted for the screen by its author Salman Rushdie who also delivers the eloquent narration, a reworking of the book's framing device.
As a film and novel, Midnight's Children is a great baggy work covering over 60 years in the turbulent history of India and Pakistan from the end of the second world war up to Indira Gandhi's repressive "Emergency" of the late 1970s, as they affect five generations of a well-off Muslim clan and their associates in Kashmir, Agra, Mumbai, Karachi. It brings together Dickens, Kipling and Shakespeare, Christianity, Hinduism and Islam, comedy, tragedy and farce, and has as its moral and dramatic fulcrum the year 1947 when the misjudged partition of the subcontinent into India and Pakistan was insisted upon by the Muslims and acquiesced in by the departing British.
The Reluctant Fundamentalist Trailer :
Directed by : Meera Nair
Produced by : Lydia Dean Pilcher
Screenplay by : William Wheeler
Rutvik Oza
Story by : Mohsin Hamid ,
Ami Boghani
Based on : The Reluctant Fundamentalist by Mohsin Hamid
Starring : Riz Ahmed,
Kate Hudson
Liv Schreiber
Meesha Shafi
Om Puri
Shabana Azmi
Movie Analysis :
on a superficial level, “fundamentalist” refers to religious identity, one unfortunately most often associated with Islamic terrorism these days. And the story — about an ambitious, Pakistani-born Wall Street financial analyst who becomes disenchanted with the United States after 9/11 — certainly suggests that most obvious reading. In that interpretation, the reluctant fundamentalist is an assimilated Muslim forced into anti-American radicalism by America itself.
Things changes after the 9/11 incident happened in America especially for the Muslims, lot's of innocent Muslims had to suffer because of one bad Muslim. Things changed very easily in Our Protagonist's life, suddenly he became a terrorist. It’s an an engrossing story, bracingly told, and it begins, like many immigrant sagas, with the American Dream: a great job, a beautiful girlfriend (Kate Hudson) and unlimited prospects. But Changez’s dream begins to turn into a nightmare after 9/11, when the bearded, dark-skinned man with the exotic accent is, for the first time, subjected to suspicion and profiling because of bigotry.The Reluctant Fundamentalist” will likely make some people mad, because of the way it holds the U.S. responsible for the repercussions of its actions in the world. Like Changez himself, the film has a complicated relationship with the superpower. There’s love there, to be sure. But because there’s love, there’s also the belief — expressed with all the pain and fervent hope you might imagine — that America, and Americans, can do better.
THE BLACK PRINCE TRAILER :
Directed by : Kavi Raz
Produced by : Brillstein Entertainment Partners
Starring : Satinder Sartaj
Amanda Root
Jason Flemyng
Atul Sharma
Rup Magon
Movie Analysis:
Set in the 19th century (India’s pre-independence years), The Black Prince is the agonizing true tale of Duleep Singh, the last Sikh king of Punjab, who was robbed off his mother, Kingdom, faith and lineage by the British. Raised as a Christian 'prince' in England by Queen Victoria (Amanda Root), Duleep's yearning to embrace his faith, reclaim his identity and trace his roots, forms the story. The fearless woman who fans and reignites the fire within him to discover who he really is and regain his lost kingdom, freedom and glory, happens to be his mother Rani Jindan (Shabana Azmi). But his struggle to be reunited to his motherland was endless.
Victoria and Abdul Trailer :
Directed by : Stephen Frears
Produced by : Tim Bevan
Eric Fellner
Beeban Kidron
Tracy Seaward
Screenplay by : Lee Hall
Based on : Victoria and Abdul by Sharbani Basu
Starring : Judi Dench
Ali Fazal
Eddie Izzard
Adeel Akhtar
Paul Higgins
Movie Analysis :
On the surface, Victoria & Abdul is the charming true story of the Queen’s unlikely friendship with an Indian servant, and how this friendship stirred tremendous jealousy among her closest aides. But behind every look of slavish adoration, behind every act of self-sacrifice, behind every scoffing display of ignorance and behind every entitled, narcissistic demand – there is centuries of subtext; of oppression, murder, and the deeply flawed belief that one sort of human being is better than the other. And this horrid miscalculation is apparent from the very first scene. Abdul, a man who spends his days performing the most menial of tasks for a government that is not his, is selected on a whim and sent to England – two months away by boat – to present Queen Victoria with a piece of gold that does not belong to her. He will enter the dining hall quietly, present the ‘mohar’ as a token of appreciation for killing thousands of his countrymen, and looting his country so mercilessly, that it would never be able to recover – and then, he will back out of the room, under no circumstances looking the Queen directly in the eye.
REFERENCES :
O'Sullivan,
Michael . ‘The Reluctant Fundamentalist’ movie review. 2 May 2013. 18
November 2020
<https://www.washingtonpost.com/goingoutguide/the-reluctant-fundamentalist-movie-review/2013/05/01/cf4d1750-b1b8-11e2-baf7-5bc2a9dc6f44_story.html>.
French, Philip . The Gurdian . 23 December 2012.
18 November 2020
<https://www.theguardian.com/film/2012/dec/23/midnights-children-review-deepak-mehta>.
Vyavahare, Renuka . Entertainment Times . 21
July 2017. 18 November 2020
<https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/english/movie-reviews/the-black-prince/movie-review/59696942.cms>.
Naahar, Rohan . Hindustan Times. 20 October
2017. 18 November 2020
<https://www.hindustantimes.com/movie-reviews/victoria-abdul-movie-review-judi-dench-ali-fazal-star-in-a-disgustingly-distorted-look-at-british-raj/story-bjaEScz3MZJBq2KzIck9PN.html>.
Sir Ahmed Salman Rushdie[a] FRSL (born 19 June 1947) is a British Indian novelist and essayist[3] whose work, combining magical realism with historical fiction, is primarily concerned with the many connections, disruptions, and migrations between Eastern and Western civilizations, with much of his fiction being set on the Indian subcontinent.
Imaginary Homelands
Salman Rushdie at his most candid, impassioned, and incisive—Imaginary Homelands is an important and moving record of one writer’s intellectual and personal odyssey. These 75 essays demonstrate Rushdie’s range and prophetic vision, as he focuses on his fellow writers, on films, and on the mine-strewn ground of race, politics and religion.
"Imaginary Homelands" -- "Essays and Criticism 1981-1991" -- is perhaps too grand a term for this assemblage of Salman Rushdie's seminar papers, television broadcasts, book reviews, movie reviews, public lectures, interviews and articles. Would it have been published now -- and in its present form -- were it not for the high and terrible drama of the author's recent life? Probably not, given the scrappy and occasional nature of a considerable part of its content. Still, enough strong pieces are included to make the book welcome to anyone who has grappled -- in delight or exasperation or both -- with Mr. Rushdie's tumultuous novels or who shares his interest in the political and cultural plight of the migrant.
In his view, the migrant -- whether from one country to another, from one language or culture to another or even from a traditional rural society to a modern metropolis -- "is, perhaps, the central or defining figure of the twentieth century." On the complex situation of this emblematic figure, Mr. Rushdie himself can of course speak with unique authority, for he has embodied the outsider, "the Other," all of his life: first as a Muslim in predominantly Hindu India, then as an Indian migrant to Pakistan, next as an Indian-Pakistani living in Britain and, since the publication of "The Satanic Verses," as a "blasphemer" against Islam, a man in hiding, marked for murder.
Mr. Rushdie does not pull his punches when it comes to the failings of his adopted land (and by extension Western Europe and the United States) in the matter of racial prejudice. Writing from the position of the British left, in a 1984 essay with the neo-Orwellian title "Outside the Whale," Mr. Rushdie voices his scorn for the current nostalgia for the empire and the raj as exemplified in what he calls "the blackface minstrel-show of 'The Far Pavilions' in its TV serial incarnation" and the "overpraised" "Jewel in the Crown"; nor has he much good to say about Richard Attenborough's "Gandhi" or David Lean's film of "A Passage to India." He writes that "there can be little doubt that in Britain today the refurbishment of the Empire's tarnished image is under way. The continuing decline, the growing poverty and the meanness of spirit of much of Thatcherite Britain encourages many Britons to turn their eyes nostalgically to the lost hour of their precedence. The recrudescence of imperialist ideology and the popularity of Raj fictions put one in mind of the phantom twitchings of an amputated limb."
In a piece called "Home Front" (1984), Mr. Rushdie analyzes racism in terms of "the fear of the primal Dark" and "the idea of the Other, the reversed twin in the looking-glass, the double, the negative image, who by his oppositeness tells one what one is" -- only to conclude that "it will not suffice to blame racism and the creation of lying images of black peoples on some deep-bubbling, universal failing in humanity." Nor will it do to excuse racial prejudice on the grounds of its universality. While "it is obviously true that blacks and Asians need to face up to and deal with our own prejudices, it seems equally clear that the most attention must be paid to the most serious problem, and in Britain, that is white racism. If we were speaking of India or Africa, we would have other forms of racism to fight against. But you fight hardest where you live: on the home front."
Postcolonialism is the critical academic study of the cultural legacy of colonialism and imperialism, focusing on the human consequences of the control and exploitation of colonized people and their lands. More specifically, it is a critical-theory analysis of the history, culture, literature, and discourse of (usually European) imperial power.
What is Imperialism?
Imperialism, sometimes called empire building, is the practice of a nation forcefully imposing its rule or authority over other nations. Typically involving the unprovoked use of military force, imperialism has historically been viewed as morally unacceptable. As a result, accusations of imperialism—factual or not—are often used in propaganda denouncing a nation’s foreign policy.Imperialism is the expansion of a nation’s authority over other nations through the acquisition of land and/or the imposition of economic and political domination.The Age of Imperialism is typified by the colonization of the Americas between the 15th and 19th centuries, as well as the expansion of the United States, Japan, and the European powers during the late 19th and early 20th century.Throughout history, many indigenous societies and cultures have been destroyed by imperialistic expansion.
what is Globalization ?
globalization can be defined as ” the increased interconnectedness and interdependence of peoples and countries. It is generally understood to include two inter-related elements: the opening of international borders to increasingly fast flows of goods, services, finance, people and ideas; and the changes in institutions and policies at national and international levels that facilitate or promote such flows.
Frantz Fanon was born in Martinique in 1925. During World War II Fanon enlisted in the French army and was initially sent with allied forces to Casablanca, Morocco, yet was transferred to France where he fought and was wounded in the battle at Colmar, in northern France. After the war Fanon studied medicine in France, where he specialized in psychiatry. It was while studying in France that Fanon wrote his first book, entitled Black Skin, White Masks (1952), a study of the black subjugation in the western white world.
Few modern voices have had as profound an impact on the black identity and critical race theory as Frantz Fanon’s, and Black Skin, White Masks represents some of his most important work. Fanon’s masterwork is now available in a new translation that updates its language for a new generation of readers.
A major influence on civil rights, anti-colonial, and black consciousness movements internationally, Black Skin, White Masks is the unsurpassed study of the black psyche in a white world. Hailed for its scientific analysis and poetic grace when it was first published in 1952, the book remains a vital force today from one of the most important theorists of revolutionary struggle, colonialism, and racial difference in history.
There is but one destiny for the black man. And it is white
This pessimistic statement helps Fanon to explain the weight of the social and psychological pressures on "the black man." What the statement means is that the only path through life for black men is that laid out by white culture and society. Black men either submit to this "one destiny" or they suffer. The word "destiny" strongly implies inevitability. It is not a situation that can be easily resisted. Throughout, Fanon identifies his subject of study primarily as male. This is partly because he is drawing heavily on his own experience.
All colonized people ... position themselves in relation to the civilizing language.
Language is a subject of central importance in Fanon's account of colonialism. Language was primarily a tool of colonial (and postcolonial) authorities. This is indicated by its description as "the civilizing language." To speak French correctly was to be civilized and to gain access to the culture of the French establishment. To do otherwise was to be excluded. But the colonized have an active role. They "position themselves" by accepting or rejecting the colonizer's language. For Fanon, the colonized are victims, but they are not passive, and the colonizer can be resisted.
The 'Negro' is the savage, whereas the student is civilized.
Fanon shows another way in which the black person is sorted into an inferior category. This time, he draws on his own experiences. Fanon himself was a student of color in France. He shows in this passage the contradiction between different social roles and mental categories. Students have "correct" French and other qualities that separate them from the racial category "Negro." As the passage reveals, it would be impossible to be a "Negro student" because a "Negro" could never study or possess the cultural and personal qualities to be a "student." Fanon wishes to show how the confusing and incoherent sorting of people of color into categories, founded on racial judgments, is a confusing and distressing experience for the subject of racism.
I was responsible not only for my body, but also for my race and my ancestors.
Fanon, in this passage, describes another aspect of being put under the colonizer's gaze. It is not only he that is being judged, but all people of color. A person can only be fully in control of themselves ("responsible only for my body"), but the subject of the colonizer is made to feel the weight of pressure on all people who are put into the colonizer's categories. He is not taken on his own merits, as a person, but as an example of his "race" and his "ancestors." Following this logic, readers see that all others of his "race" are judged in the same way, as are the ancestors. In an elegant passage Fanon summarizes the vast weight of pressure that he feels when under this kind of judgment—the weight all people of color feel.
A feeling of inferiority? No, a feeling of not existing.
Fanon takes on the idea that people of color have a feeling of "inferiority." That is, they are made to feel lesser than and unworthy of the dominant white culture. Fanon suggests it is worse than that. People of color are made to feel as if they do not exist at all. They are not real persons. They represent a set of stereotypes. Their treatment causes them to internalize this as a "feeling." It is, again, not enough that people of color are treated in a particular way. It is that they are made to feel it themselves. What Fanon is describing here can accurately be called "dehumanization," both from the colonizer and felt deeply within oneself.
A Tempest by Aime Cesaire is an attempt to confront and rewrite the idea of colonialism as presented in Shakespeare’s ‘The Tempest’. He is successful at this attempt by changing the point of view of the story. He made some changes in this play and tells the outcome deal with it. In the way of this play, we are going to discuss about Cultural conflict, discourse in characters and constriction of this play. It is also good to see the relationship between master and slave and how the writer has portrayed. Actually it is also a politic consent structure and hierarchy that Aime Cesaire mentioning by redefining of Shakespeare’s play ’The Tempest’ and here we are also going to discuss about the differences between both the play. To deal with colonialism this play conveys the fact of imperialism.Aime Cesaire transforms the characters and transposes the scenes to reveal Shakespeare’s Prospero as the exploitative European power and Caliban and Ariel as the exploited natives. Cesaire’s A Tempest is an effective response to Shakespeare’s The Tempest because he interprets it from the perspective of the colonized and raises a conflict with Shakespeare as an icon of the literary canon. Besides that in In The Tempest by William Shakespeare one might argue that colonialism is a reoccurring theme throughout the play because of the slave-master relationship between Ariel and Caliban and Prospero.
Prospero - the rightful duke of Milan, powerful magician, and slave master
Ariel - a "mulatto slave" and fairy
Caliban - son of Sycorax and Black slave
Miranda - Prospero's daughter
Eshu - a Yoruba god
Ferdinand - the son of Alonso and Miranda's love interest
Alonso - the King of Naples
Antonio- the Duke of Naples and Prospero's brother
Caliban and Ariel react differently to their situations. Caliban favors revolution over Ariel's non-violence, and rejects his name as the imposition of Prospero's colonizing language, desiring to be called X. He complains stridently about his enslavement and regrets not being powerful enough to challenge the reign of Prospero. Ariel, meanwhile, contents himself with asking Prospero to consider giving him independence.
At the end of the play, Prospero grants Ariel his freedom, but retains control of the island and of Caliban. This is a notable departure from Shakespeare's version, in which Prospero leaves the island with his daughter and the men who were shipwrecked there at the beginning of the play.
When future scholars take a look back at the intellectual history of thelast quarter of the twentieth century the work of Professor Edward Said of ColumbiaUniversity will be identified as very important and influential. In particular Said's 1978book, Orientalism, will be regarded as profoundly significant. Orientalism revolutionizedthe study of the Middle East and helped to create and shape entire new fields of studysuch as Post-Colonial theory as well influencing disciplines as diverse as English,History, Anthropology, Political Science and Cultural Studies. The book is now beingtranslated into twenty-six languages and is required reading at many universities andcolleges. It is also one of the most controversial scholarly books of the last thirty yearssparking intense debate and disagreement.
Orientalism tries to answer the question ofwhy, when we think of the Middle East for example, we have a preconceived notion ofwhat kind of people live there, what they believe, how they act. Even though we maynever have been there, or indeed even met anyone from there. More generallyOrientalism asks, how do we come to understand people, strangers, who look differentto us by virtue of the color of their skin?
The central argument of Orientalism is that the way that we acquire this knowledge.
Edward Said says that his interest in Orientalism began for two reasons, one it was an
immediate thing, that is to say, the Arab-Israeli War of 1973, which had been preceded
by a lot of images and discussions in the media in the popular press about how the
Arabs are cowardly and they don't know how to fight and they are always going to be
beaten because they are not modern. And then everybody was very surprised when the
Egyptian army crossed the canal in early October of 1973 and demonstrated that like
anybody else they could fight. That was one immediate impulse.
And the second one, which has a much longer history in his own life was the constant
sort of disparity He felt between what his experience of being an Arab was, and the
representations of that that one saw in art.
THE REPORTERY OF ORIENTALISM
For Sid Orientalism is an Organized science .
ORIENTALISM AND EMPIRE
Said talks about Orentalism and Emperialism by giving the example of Napolian Bonapart, he says that There was a kind of break that occurred kind of after Napoleon came
to Egypt in 1798. I think it's the first really modern imperial expedition. So he invades the
place but he doesn't invade it the way the Spaniards invaded the New World, looking for
loot. He comes instead with an enormous army of soldiers but also scientists, botanists,
architects, philologists, biologists, historians, whose job it was to record Egypt in every
conceivable way. And produce a kind of scientific survey of Egypt, which was designed,
not for the Egyptian, but for the European. Of course what strikes you first of all about
the volumes they produced, is their enormous size. They are a meter square. And all
across them is written the power and prestige of a modern European country that can
do to the Egyptians what the Egyptians cannot do to the French. I mean there's no
comparable Egyptian survey of France. To produce knowledge you have to have the
power to be there, and to see in expert ways things that the natives themselves can't
see.
ORIENTALISM TODAY – The Demonization of Islam in the
News and Popular Culture
Many people believe the way that Americans understand the Muslim
world is very problematic. Indeed anti-Arab racism seems to be almost officially
sanctioned. You can make generalized and racist statements about Arab peoples that
would not be tolerated for any other group. At the heart of how this new American
Orientalism operates is a threatening and demonized figure of the Islamic terrorist that
is emphasized by journalists and Hollywood.Now Said recognizes that terrorism exits, as a result of the violent, political situation in
the Middle East. But he argues that there is a lot more going on there that is
misunderstood or not seen by the peoples of the West. The result of the media's focus
on one negative aspect alone means that all the peoples of the Islamic world come to
be understood in the same negative and paranoid way, that is, as a threat. So that when
we think of people who look like that and come from that part of the world we think
fanatic, extreme, violent. Said argues that understanding a vast and complex region like
the Middle East in this narrow way takes away from the humanity and diversity of
millions of ordinary people living decent and humane lives there. Said gave an example of Pricess Diana and Dodi Fayad.
Hypothesis :
In India the same thing happened while recently an advertisement of Tanishq jewelrs was considered as highly problamatic and considered as the spreader of LOVE JIHAD .
